بایگانی شهریور ۱۳۹۷ :: Amoot Iranian

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Iron Ore Supplier

To encompass the extensive range of industrial sectors, from sourcing of raw materials to the processing of end products, the Minerals are one of the key pillars of Industrial development for countries and societies across the world. Raw materials in form of Minerals and (Semi) Finished Products in form of Metals move in large volumes between different locations.

Amoot Iranian holds a dominant place in this area of business through its global experience, high-quality mines, and dedicated technical expertise.

Amoot Iranian Trading Co. being capable of supplying Iron ore in different purities from 58% to 63% of Fe total is capable of binding contracts with various delivery and payment terms such as FOB, CFR, NOR, … as per both parties’ agreement.

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Dates Supplier

Being based in the world’s second exporter of dates, Amoot Iranian is a major trader of this area. With over 25,000 m² cold storage facilities in Reygan area of Bam with hygienic sorting line area of 2,000 m² and a nominal capacity of 12,000 MT storage, Amoot Iranian has exported more than 40,000 MT of dates to Asia, UAE, Qatar, Russia and Europe such as Italy, Germany, and England.

Kabkab, Mazafati, Piarom.

With this rich facilities, Amoot Iranian supplies its customers’ demanded quantity in best quality and shortest possible time. The products may be packed in the company’s own branding or the packing in customers’ design and brand. They may be packed in normal or luxury cartons or IML containers.

Our products are certified by all the relative organizations and have received the Standard Certificate, ISO, and Health Certificate …

The products are to be delivered in any delivery term demanded by the customer, EXW, FOB, CFR, NOR, FOT.

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Date (Fruit)

The date palm is one of the palm family species mainly harvested for its sweet edible and nutritious fruit. Interestingly, every single part of this plant has been useful for mankind of different eras, for instance, its trunk is used in the ceiling or column structure of local buildings and lasts approximately 300 to 500 years. There is also a sweet, astringent, crunchy milky center called Palm Cheese highly nutritious and expensive. The poor quality dates are processed to make vinegar for making pickled vegetables.

Its actual origin is not known due to the old cultivation history, however, it most probably may be some area near Egypt or as mentioned in other sources Beynonahrein, Iraq. It is almost from 6,000 years B.C when man discovered the nutritional value of Date and began its cultivation and production. It is grown in many tropical regions globally and is quite popular among people all around the world.

Mazafati Date vs. Date

It is commonly believed that Mazafati Date (Rutab) is the same as Date however they are different. After the plant’s flowers change to a hard green fruit, the fruit also becomes red or yellow. The hot sunshine of the area makes a juicy dark fruit called Rutab. This is when some species’ fruit is collected and used such as Mazafati Date (Rutab) and Kabkab (golden yellow). The other types are left for more 20 days of extremely hot weather on the tree to lose more water and become dry. The semi-dry fruit which is called Date such as Zahedi and Piarom type. In fact, some of these semi-dry fruits is dried fully then sent to the market.

Among the black dates, the favorable ones are those which have a thinner peel, are fleshy and large. Hence the Rutab with thicker peel, lighter color and small is the one with poor quality.

The hotter the area of Date production, the earlier (from Early August) it will be presented to the market. The dates are collected in 3-5 harvests in which the first one often negligible rottenness and the next harvests yield the best quality product to be supplied to the market. The harvest time continues till early October and dates are partially sent to the market directly and the rest are stored in cold storage facilities and often sold till early spring next year. The fruit’s appearance indicates whether or not it has been dried. A wrinkled skin fruit is the one dried while the smooth skin presents the fruit’s freshness.

Date Nutritional Facts

The date is a sweet tasty fruit with an excellent nutrition profile. It is rich in Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, and range of Vitamins.

When they are dried their calorie becomes higher than the fresh. Hence the calorie content of dried dates is high like the other dried fruits.

Their calorie mostly comes from carbs, however, the rest little portion is from the protein content.

Dates contain below nutrients per 100-gram serving:

Potassium: 20% of the RDI (Reference Daily Intake)

Magnesium: 14% of the RDI

Copper: 18% of the RDI

Manganese: 15% of the RDI

Iron: 5% of the RDI

Vitamin B6: 12% of the RDI

Calories: 277

Carbohydrate: 75 grams

Fiber: 7 grams

Protein: 2 grams

In comparison with similar fruits such as figs and dried plums, dates also have the high amount of various antioxidants which help reduce the risk of several diseases such as cancer.
Containing almost 7 grams of fiber in a 100-gram serving, dates are the great ingredient of your daily diet to supply the fiber intake. It is also a beneficial food to control blood sugar level by the digestion being slowed down with fiber and preventing blood sugar level be spiked too high after eating.
Dates have been observed to promote brain health and function through different processed.
Studies show dates have the potential to promote and ease labor in pregnant women. It is probably due to containing compounds which bind to oxytocin receptors and imitate oxytocin operation in the body causing labor contractions during childbirth.
Dates are a healthy source of natural sugar containing fructose. That is the reason for them being very sweet with a caramel-like taste. They may be used as a healthy substitute for the white sugar in different recipes adding not only sweetness but also nutrients, fiber, and antioxidants. For this, date paste is made by mixing dates in a blender with the relative amount of water. And add date paste instead of sugar of the same amount in each recipe.
Including phosphorous, potassium, calcium and magnesium dates help to prevent bone-related conditions such as osteoporosis.
Due to low glycemic index, fiber and antioxidants dates are potentially a great blood sugar regulator.

There are many different ways to eat dates. Being used as snack plainly, being incorporated into other popular dishes and desserts, and being paired with almonds, nut butter or soft cheese are merely a few ways of adding this nutritious and delicious fruit to one’s diet.

Date Types

There are approximately 1,600 different varieties of dates cultivated around the world. Some of the most well-known species are:

Barhee/Barhi– Originally from Basra, Iraq, the Bahree date is a small, round, chewy variety of date with a caramel flavor. They have a medium-thick skin and are amber to dark brown in color when ripe. Unlike other date varieties, they are not dried or processed but eaten fresh. Where most varieties are only edible in one stage of development, the Bahree date can be eaten in three different stages of development.

Kabkab – Kabkab dates are amongst the more important and abundant date varieties in south Iran. They are long, oval and around 3.5-4cm in size and vary from yellow to dark brown in colour depending on ripeness. Kabkab dates have a soft, fine texture and a hard skin due to their long, grey pit that clings to the flesh. They are popular for their delicious, sweet, syrupy taste.

Khenaizi – A 'luxury' date from the United Arab Emirates. Khenaizi dates are soft, medium-sized dates with a mild sweetness. They are dark brown in colour, with a juicy texture and best enjoyed before they are fully dried.

Medjool - The most difficult to cultivate and therefore the most expensive variety of date, large in size and with amber to reddish-brown skin, a rich, sweet taste, and fibrous texture. Known as the ``king of dates``, Medjool dates are originally from Morocco but are also grown in the US, Israel, Saudia Arabia, and Jordan.

Mazafati – A medium-sized, dark, soft, fleshy date with a sweet taste and relatively high moisture content. Also known as Bam dates (after the region in which the most delicious dates of this kind are grown), Mazafati dates are one of the many different kinds of Iranian date fruit. They are perhaps the most popular, well-known variety of date, accounting for an estimated 20% of Iran's total date export.

Piarom – A round, black-brown date, widely considered the most delicious of all semi-dry date varieties. Piarom dates, also known as Marayami dates or 'chocolate' dates', are arguably one of the most delicious semi-dried varieties of date in the world. Unique in taste and appearance, they are one of the most expensive varieties of dates available, particularly as their production is exclusive to Hajiabad.

Rabbi – A soft, dark-brown, semi-dried date, long in size and with a moisture content of under 15%. Rabbi dates are amongst the best-loved and earliest date varieties. Their production is exclusive to Iran, with cultivars grown in Sistan and Baluchestan province, known to produce dates of particularly high quality. Rabbi dates come just behind Stamaran, Shahani, Mazafati and Kabkab dates as having the most economic value of all date produce in Iran.

Rotab – Rotab dates are a medium-sized dark, soft and sweet variety of date. They are grown in the Bam region of Iran. They are particularly suited to fresh consumption due to their long shelf life.

Sayer – A thin-skinned, semi-dry date with a unique taste, ranging from yellow to amber, to reddish-brown on color as it ripens. Also known as Stamaran,
Saamaran, Stamara or Samberun dates, they are one of the many delicious varieties of date produced in Iran, accounting for 65% of all dates produced there. They are the main variety of dates produced in Khuzestan province and, as one of the highest quality Iranian dates, they have high export value.

Zahidi - A semi-dry date with a sweet, sugary flavor, smooth, glossy golden-yellow skin and full of syrup. Although cultivated in a number of regions of Iran, the most extensive production of Zahedi dates takes place in Dashtestan, a city in Bushehr province, where they are the only product that is exported.

Among all above, Mazafati Date is the best and most famous type which is also the most important date product of Iran both in domestic and global markets. Mazafati Date’s taste, texture, freshness and being juicy makes it distinguishable and different from other types.

Date production Process

Storing Dates

Dry Date does not require to be kept in the fridge.
Most of the Rutabs and some of Dates must be kept at 0 °C – in fridge- however, some others do not need to be refrigerated. Therefore, to be able to keep dates for a long time at room temperature, it would be better to choose dried dates.
If you are not a fan of semi-dried dates and prefer Mazafati, you should be aware of the fact that Kabkab type is the one highly nutritious and may be kept out of the fridge for some time, although they may not look good.
Some of the dates crystalize in cool and humid place, and using them is not bad at all. However, if you do not like them, you should not keep dates in the fridge in winter.
Some people eat dates without having them washed. It is better to wash dates as much as it is going to be consumed prior to eating them, using hot water. Keeping washed dates for a long time will make it sour. However, dried dates are better not to be washed since they are disinfected in the production process.

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Urea Supplier

Nitrogen plays an important role in the protein development process of plants. Urea has the highest nitrogen content of all solid nitrogenous fertilizers in common use. It is widely used in fertilizers and is an important raw material for the chemical industry.

Fertilizer Urea:

Amoot Iranian Trading Company is well known as one of the prominent exporters of Iran Fertilizer Urea and supplier of Turkmenistan Urea to India and some African countries for more than one decade. Exporting over 500,000 MT of Urea fertilizers proves the reliability and validity of our company in this regard.

International Supplier of Ure, International Seller of Urea, Urea Supplier, Urea Seller

Amoot Iranian is a customer-oriented company that does its best to gain credit through paying attention to all its customers’ needs and preferences in terms of shape (Prilled or Granular), packing (50kg bags, bulk or Jumbo/big bags. As Urea is an expensive essential and useful nutritious fertilizer for plants, it is popular in the agricultural industry and has a high rate of consumption worldwide. Amoot Iranian tries to make its customers’ gardens flourishing and increase their production efficiency by supplying the best quality Urea fertilizer along with delivering it with its initial quality maintained. With all the experience attained in Fertilizer Urea logistics including purchase, loading, shipping, discharging, packing and etc., Amoot Iranian staff are fully aware of the possible issues which may harm Urea quality since production until being delivered to the end user, hence Amoot Iranian considers and implements all the relative concerns to avoid them.

Urea with the chemical formula of CH₄N₂O has a white & solid appearance. The melting point of urea is 132 °C and its density is 1.33 g/cm³.

Urea fertilizer has no danger in normal conditions and is not categorized in dangerous goods. In case of temperature increase, Urea fertilizer may change to carbon dioxide and ammonia and if burnt burning it makes a little nitrogen oxide which is a toxic gas. Touching Urea fertilizer may be harmful to human body organs. The most significant problems urea may cause for human organs includes as follows:

Eyes: If Urea reaches the eyes, it makes them red and irritated but does not hurt the main part of the eye.

Skin: It may make the skin itchy and irritated.

Inhalation: makes irritation in nose and throat and cause respiratory problems.

Eating: cause the digestive system discomfort and usually makes nausea and vomiting.

The dosage of Urea fertilizer used must be carefully controlled, since applying an extra amount of urea may change the growth pattern of the plants and it may even have very negative effects on the plants and make them noxious. Urea is extremely soluble so if it pours in the sea in large scale, pollution of beach and sea is possible. Also, the dust made by moving urea may make air pollution. As a result, it is recommended to consider careful displacement and storing of urea in order to prevent subsequent air, soil, sea, and environmental pollution.

More than 90% of urea production in the world is used as nitrogen-containing chemical fertilizer. In its general usage, urea has the highest amount of Nitrogen among all the solid nitrogenous fertilizers (46.7%). Thereby applying urea is the most economically efficient.

Urea hydrolyzes to Ammonia and carbon dioxide in the soil. The Ammonia which is the result of this process oxidizes to Nitrate by the bacteria in soil and it is then absorbed by the plants. Urea in many cases is used in the multi-component formulation of solid fertilizers.

As urea is extremely soluble in water, it is appropriate to be used in fertilizer solutions )Such as combination with Ammonium Nitrate in form of UAN). Granular urea fertilizer can be distributed easier because of the small size of its particles so it is better than the Prilled Urea and this makes an advantage for the mechanical program. The most common impurity of Urea is biuret which reduces the plant growth.

The major problem with Urea fertilizer is that it may be washed by water easily as it is highly soluble in water, for example, if the plants receive more water than they need by rain or during irrigation, the urea may be washed and removed from the soil. Especially when the soil is sandy, the extra amount of water would wash the Urea fertilizer much more and easier. Therefore the receiving amount of water for the plants that have received Urea fertilizer should be thoroughly monitored.

Another type of common urea fertilizer is sulfur-coated urea. As Urea is highly soluble, the sulfur is applied to make a cover on Urea particles. This kind of fertilizer is less soluble and its nitrogen will be released gradually. So if the sulfur-coated urea is exposed to a high amount of water, the Nitrogen cannot be washed easily. Sulfur-coated Urea is more expensive in comparison to Urea fertilizer. Hence it is often recommended for decorative flowers and plants, the plants which are exposed to a high amount of rain and water or those that would be economically reasonable.

Nitrogen is the most important nutritive element in nourishing of fruit trees which helps the trees to grow. Nitrogen is effective in growth, flowering, fruit forming, fruit ripening, and Physiology issues after harvesting of most of the gardening products. It plays an important role in making protein compounds, amino acids and carbohydrates. Also, the amount of Nitrogen affects the color of fruits. Since the young parts of fruit trees which are growing up needs Nitrogen a lot, Nitrogen in the plant is highly moving and transfers to the younger parts of the plant. It is very effective in flowering which leads to improvement in fruit formation and efficiency. Nitrogen is also very helpful in fruit ripening so if it is added more than the necessary amount it causes excessive fruit ripening and reduces the fruits storage lifetime. Nitrogen-rich manure increases the fruit size which is the indirect effect of Nitrogen on fruit volume.

It should be considered that extra amount of Nitrogen disturbs fruit color (especially in apple trees). Overuse of Nitrogen increases the weed growth in fruit gardens and reduces plant resistance against pests and diseases.

Some other effects of Nitrogen on plants may be specified as follows: production and expansion of starchy parts of the plant, improving growth of green parts of the plants like leaves, increasing the plant foliage, and enhancing the efficiency and product size.

Global experts report spraying Nitrogen solutions on fruit trees, especially citrus fruits is particularly efficient and beneficial. Some researches believe that spraying Urea in summer is more effective than applying Nitrogen to the soil as it increases the fruit formation, their size, and overall efficiency. Spraying Nitrogen on orange trees in Washington resulted in the increase in the number of produced oranges, brix, vitamin C and fruit size as well as the decrease of fallen fruits. Also applying Urea fertilizer to them reduces the number of oranges that fall down from the tree.

When the reproduction period of the trees starts, activity and absorbed by the root of tree decreases it is recommended to compensate nutrients shortage with spraying such as Urea fertilizer to the soil or on the plant which helps the trees and provide all the necessary nutrients for them. The best temperature for the highest urea penetration in plant leaves is 19 to 28 degrees of centigrade. The permeability of citrus leaves depends on the age of the leaf. When leaves become 3 to 7 weeks old, Urea penetration reduces in comparison to the first week.

Whenever the plant’s root doesn’t absorb enough nutrients, spraying Urea solution on the leaves shall begin. When the tree doesn’t absorb enough nutrients, it may be due to the plant itself or the soil. Sometimes the effect of nutrients is more if they are sprayed as a solution on the plant rather than being applied directly to the soil.

Another important point is that before adding Urea fertilizer as the source of Nitrogen to the soil, it is better to measure the amount of Nitrate in groundwater. If the amount of Nitrate in groundwater exceeds the allowed amount, 45 milligrams per liter, it is not recommended to add Urea fertilizer to the soil because of consequent health issues which may occur.

According to an investigation conducted in California in order to compare the effect of spraying Nitrogen on the plants vs. applying it to the soil for finding out how they affect the amount of used fertilizer, the amount of water that moves to groundwater, and the function of the plants. The result demonstrated that spraying Nitrogen has the same effect on the plants that applying Urea fertilizer to the soil does. Sometimes even spraying the Urea on the plant is more effective than adding it to the soil. When Nitrogen is sprayed on the plant, there is less risk for the Nitrogen to be washed by water but enough amount of Nitrogen shall be used. Added Nitrogen to the soil may be washed easily by the extra amount of water.

It was reported that in Washington (1999), by just spraying Urea fertilizer (containing 160-gram Nitrogen for each tree) once in winter before the time of flowering, a great increase was observed in products’ size and number. Hence it even influences the size of oranges and makes them bigger.

Citrus leaves absorb more Urea in comparison to other sources of Nitrogen like Ammonium or Nitrate because non-polar molecules of Urea may be absorbed easier by the leaves in comparison with polar molecules. The result proves that absorption of Urea fertilizer through being sprayed on the plants is more than the absorption occurred through the soil. It was also observed that 40% to 70 % of the Urea is absorbed by the plant when it is sprayed on the tree. By adding Urea fertilizer to the soil, merely 28% of it is absorbed by the plant that is a low proportion.

Spraying Urea fertilizer during November to February is very effective. Reports state spraying Urea fertilizer in October and January increases the size of fruits.

The following symptoms may help you discover that your plants need more Nitrogen:

Any kind of pause or stop in plant growth, and decrease of produced fruits
Pale leaves (changing the color of them from green to yellow or pale green), especially when old leaves become pale

In case enough Nitrogen is not added to the plant, younger leaves also become pale, yellow and younger leaves stop growing and remain small. When there is a severe shortage of Nitrogen, old leaves fall down sooner, stems become very thin, dark, and strict. In this situation the fruits become pale, flowers do not grow and remain small or even fall. For instance, cucumbers get pale, curved with a narrow tip without receiving enough Nitrogen. Moreover, they become short either. Shortage of Nitrogen makes the root grow more than the stems and if this continues, the growth of root also stops, it turns brown and the plant dies. To solve overcome this issue, it is better to spray Urea fertilizer (200-500 gram in 100 liters of water) on the plants during sunset or sunrise once in two weeks.

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Sulphur Supplier

Sulphur Supplier

Amoot Iranian Trading Company is widely known as a prominent supplier of Sulphur to India, China, and some other Asian and African countries for more than one decade. Exporting over half a million MT of Sulphur proves the reliability and validity of our company in this regard.

Amoot Iranian is a customer-oriented company that does its best to gain credit through paying attention to all its customers’ needs and preferences in terms of shape (Flakes, Granular or Lump), packing (bulk or Jumbo/big bags). Amoot Iranian tries to make its customers’ increase their production efficiency by supplying the best quality Sulphur along with delivering it with its initial quality maintained. With all the experience attained in Sulphur logistics including purchase, loading, shipping, discharging, packing and etc., Amoot Iranian staff are fully aware of the possible issues which may harm Sulphur quality since production until being delivered to the end user, hence Amoot Iranian considers and implements all the relative concerns to avoid them.

Sulphur is a chemical nonmetallic element. At room temperature, it is normally bright yellow, light solid with an unpleasant smell. When reacting with hydrogen it smells like rotten egg. It is insoluble in water.

Sulphur may be originated from minerals or gas and oil. Previously Sulphur was mainly extracted from salt domes until the late twentieth century. Today Sulphur is mainly derived as a side product of oil and gas refining process which is mostly in form of H2S known as hydrogen sulfide. Another major Sulphur containing impurity in petroleum are the organoSulphur compounds which may be hydrodeSulphurized and yield hydrogen sulfide. This Hydrogen sulfide undergoes the Claus Process in which hydrogen sulfide is oxidized to Sulphur oxide and then again the Sulphur oxide reacts with some other hydrogen sulfide and results in final products: Sulphur and water.

Applications:

Sulphur is widely used as raw material in numerous applications: Sulphuric Acid, Fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, Bactericide in winemaking and food preservation and Sulphur inlay in types of furniture.

Fertilizer: Every day the fertilizers composed of Sulphur are increasing. The most important Sulphur containing fertilizer is mineral calcium sulfate. As elemental Sulphur’s hydrophobicity does not let it be used directly by plants. Soil bacteria can convert it to derivatives which are soluble that is it can then be consumed by plants. Sulphur improves the efficiency of other vital plant nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus. Biologically produced Sulphur particles are naturally hydrophilic due to a biopolymer coating, they are easier to disperse over the land in a spray of diluted slurry, which results in a faster uptake.

The botanical requirement for Sulphur equals or even exceeds the requirement for phosphorus. It is an essential nutrient for plant growth, root nodule formation of legumes, and immunity and defense systems. Sulphur deficiency has become widespread in many countries in Europe. As atmospheric intake of Sulphur decreases continually, the deficit in the Sulphur input/output is more probable to increase unless Sulphur fertilizers are used.

Sulphuric Acid: Sulphur, as an element, is mainly applied to produce Sulphuric Acid. Sulphuric acid is a very important commodity chemical, and indeed, a nation's Sulphuric acid production is a good indicator of its industrial strength. World production in 2004 was about 180 million MT, with Asia 35%, North America 24%, Africa 11%, Western Europe 10%, Eastern Europe and Russia 10%, Australia and Oceania 7%, South America 7%. The major principal application of Acid Sulphuric is extracting of phosphate ores to produce fertilizers. An approximate 60% of the Sulphuric Acid market belongs to chemical fertilizers production. Other applications include refining process of oil, wastewater processing and extraction of minerals. That is why only in the US in 2010, Sulphuric acid was produced more than any other inorganic industrial chemical. About 20% is used in chemical industry for the production of detergents, synthetic resins, dyestuffs, pharmaceuticals, petroleum catalysts, insecticides, and antifreeze, as well as in various processes such as oil well acidizing, aluminum reduction, paper sizing, water treatment. About 6% of uses are related to pigments and include paints, enamels, printing inks, coated fabrics and paper, and the rest is dispersed into a multitude of applications such as the production of explosives, cellophane, acetate and viscose textiles, lubricants, non-ferrous metals, and batteries.

Chemical Fertilizers: The consumption growth rate of Sulphuric acid in the United States in 1985-1997 was only 2.2% which raised to 3.9% in 1997-2004. Acid Sulphuric is the key raw material in the production of Phosphoric Acid, Ammonium Sulphate Fertilizer and normal superphosphate, where phosphoric acid itself is the raw material in phosphate fertilizers’ production process.

Phosphoric Acid: the major process in which Sulphuric acid required for phosphoric acid production is Wet Process. In this process, phosphate rock is used, and more than 100 million MT are processed annually. This raw material is shown as fluorapatite, though the exact composition may vary. This is treated with 93% Sulphuric acid to produce calcium sulfate, hydrogen fluoride (HF) and phosphoric acid. The HF is removed as hydrofluoric acid. Other phosphoric acid types which is the furnace type, does not require Sulphuric acid. In recent years due to the wet process phosphoric acid’s massive production, this phosphoric acid is purified in another process and used instead of the furnace phosphoric acid, either. Hence, the Sulphuric acid market is directly affected by the phosphoric acid and its relative fertilizers production.

Ammonium sulfate, a key nitrogen fertilizer, is majorly produced as a byproduct from coking plants to supply the iron and steel making plants. It's reacting the ammonia produced in the thermal decomposition of coal with waste Sulphuric acid allows the ammonia to be crystallized out as a salt (often brown due to iron contamination) and sold into the agro-chemical industries.

One other important application of Sulphuric acid is in manufacturing aluminum sulfate, also called paper maker's alum. This can react with small amounts of soap on paper pulp fibers to give gelatinous aluminum carboxylates, which helps coagulate the pulp fibers into a hard paper surface. It is also used for making aluminum hydroxide that is used at water treatment plants to filter out impurities, as well as to improve the taste of the water. Aluminum sulfate is made by reacting bauxite with Sulphuric acid.

Sulphuric acid is also important in the manufacturing of dyestuffs solutions.

Sulphur–iodine cycle: Is a series of thermo-chemical processes used to yield hydrogen. It consists of three chemical reactions which net reactant is water and net products are hydrogen and oxygen. The first step of the cycle is called the Bunsen reaction, where the Sulphur and iodine compounds are recovered to be reused, hence the process is referred to as a cycle. The Sulphur–iodine cycle has been proposed as a way to supply hydrogen for a hydrogen-based economy.

Industrial cleaning agent: Sulphuric acid is widely used in iron and steelmaking industry to remove oxidation, rust, and scaling from rolled sheet and billets prior to sale to the automobile and major appliances industry. Used acid is often recycled through a spent acid regeneration (SAR) plant. SAR plants are commonly added to metal smelting plants, oil refineries, and other industries where Sulphuric acid is consumed in bulk, since operating a SAR plant is way cheaper than the recurring costs of spent acid disposal and new acid purchase.

Catalyst: Sulphuric acid is used for various other purposes in the chemical industry. For instance, it is the usual acid catalyst for the conversion of cyclohexanone oxime to caprolactam, used for making nylon. It is used for making hydrochloric acid from salt via the Mannheim process. Much H2SO4 is used in petroleum refining, as a catalyst for the reaction of isobutane with isobutylene to give isooctane, a compound that improves the octane rating of gasoline (petrol). Sulphuric acid is also often used as a dehydrating or oxidizing agent in industrial reactions, such as the dehydration of various sugars to form solid carbon.

Electrolyte: Acidic drain cleaners usually contain Sulphuric acid at a high concentration which turns a piece of pH paper red and chars it instantly, demonstrating both the strong acidic nature and dehydrating property. Sulphuric acid acts as the electrolyte in lead-acid batteries (lead-acid accumulator).

An acidic drain cleaner can be used to dissolve grease, hair and even tissue paper inside water pipes.

Domestic uses: High concentration Sulphuric acid is commonly the major ingredient of acidic drain cleaners or openers used to remove grease, hair, tissue paper, etc. Like their alkaline types, such drain openers can dissolve fats and proteins through hydrolysis. Moreover, as concentrated Sulphuric acid has a strong dehydrating property, it can remove tissue paper via dehydration as well.

Strategic Significance of Sulphuric Acid

As further discussed, the major application of Sulphuric Acid is in the production of phosphate fertilizers. Hence this makes the strategic significance of Sulphuric Acid. The increasing population growth rate and limited agricultural lands increase the necessity of improving production efficiency per land unit. In order to be able to be responsible for the population growth, organic fertilizers are no more applicable. Organic fertilizers only improve the dust’s physical properties and make it ready for the plant growth and it is still poor in nutrition. To improve the efficiency, using chemical fertilizers is a must which necessity is completely discovered. Sulphuric Acid is widely used in phosphate fertilizers and ammonium sulphate fertilizers and since it is not replaceable with any other materials, its significance is emphasized.

Major Producers and Consumers of Sulphuric Acid

In 2012, the world Sulphuric acid capacity was estimated at more than 290.7 million tonnes. In the same year, Asia accounted for over 46% of the total capacity.

Sulphuric acid: structure of the world capacity by region, 2012

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Mosaic Co, OCP Group, PotashCorp, Vale Limited, Groupe Chimique Tunisien, Codelco, Maaden, Rhodia Inc, Xstrata, Aurubis, OJSC «Ammofos», Oswal Greentech Limited and CF Industries, among others, take the lead in the global Sulphuric acid universe.

The worldwide market for Sulphuric acid witnessed stable growth between 2009 - 2012, supported by increasing demand from major end-use industries. In 2012, Sulphuric acid production grew by more than 7 million tons and exceeded 230.7 million tons. Asia ranks as the leading Sulphuric acid manufacturer, accounting for around 45% of the overall production. China, the US, India, Russia, and Morocco are the top five Sulphuric acid manufacturing countries.

Sulphuric acid: structure of the world production by country, 2012

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In 2012, its consumption volume surpassed the 106 million mark. The fertilizer industry is the product’s major end-use sector, consuming over 55% of the overall Sulphuric acid output.

In 2011, the world foreign trade in Sulphuric acid was valued at more than USD 1.87 billion. Europe is the leading Sulphuric acid exporter, whilst Asia is a market leader in terms of imports.

Opportunities and Major Players

Furthermore, the growing application in the healthcare industry for skin treatment procedures, such as the elimination of acne and manufacturing of medications associated with the treatment of dandruff and others will provide numerous opportunities for the growth of this market.

Some of the major players dominating the global market are –

Abu Dhabi National Oil Company
Guangzhou Petrochemical
Sinopec Corp.
OAO Gazprom

China, the Leading Sulphur Importer

China as the second- largest producer of Sulphur in all forms globally, is the world’s leading producer of pyrites, with about 57% of its Sulphur in all forms coming from that source. The country is the leading Sulphur importer, representing about 35% of the global imports, the bulk of which is used to manufacture Sulphuric acid. Energy production in China has been rising in recent decades across the oil & gas sector, leading to a boost in the domestic Sulphur recovery. Furthermore, the fertilizer production consumes about two-thirds of the Sulphuric acid consumption in China. In 2014, the government of China loosened the restrictions imposed on the fertilizer industry, which is further estimated to have boosted the fertilizers market. Favorable policies towards fertilizers and the increasing energy production are likely to further augment China as a leading market for Sulphur.

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